Handling Data | IGCSE ICT

Even if you don't work for a huge business, It can be useful to use computers to keep track of data.

Data that is stored on a computer (as opposed to data written on paper) can be easily:

• organised / sorted in different ways
• displayed / printed in a variety of styles and layouts
• searched for specific things
• updated - adding / changing / deleting items
• backed-up - a copy can be made with just a few clicks
• stored / moved - a memory stick is much smaller than a cupboard full of paper!

Most people need to keep track of lots of telephone numbers, postal addresses, e-mail address, etc.

We can use a computer (don't forget your phone is a computer too!) to help keep this data organised in an address database.

A typical computerised address book might store:

• Name
• Address
• Phone number (home)
• Phone number (mobile)
• Phone number (work)
• E-mail address
• Birthday
• Photograph
• Etc.

Most address book applications have features that help you organise the records so that you can quickly access the ones you want:

• Place your entries into groups (e.g. 'Family', Friends', 'Work', etc.)
• Search (by name, groups, address, etc.)
• Synchronisation with other devices (computer, phone, PDA, etc.)

Clubs / societies need to keep track of their members. A membership database allows the club / society to easily contact members, check that they have paid any fees, etc.

A typical computerised membership database might store:

• Membership number
• Name
• Address
• Phone number
• Fees to charge
• Have fees been paid (Y/N)
• Etc.

If a letter needs to be sent to every member of the club / society, the names and addresses of the members can be taken from the membership database and automatically placed onto a letter. This is called a mail-merge.

A mail-merge is a very easy way to automatically create lots of letters that seem to be personally written for each person, but in fact are all the same letter, just with the name and address changed.

Many groups / organisations undertake surveys to try to discover what people like / want / think.

Surveys can be performed using paper questionnaires, and then the results entered into the computer by:

• Typing data in
• Scanning the paper forms, using OMR technology

Alternatively, results can be entered into the computer directly, using an on-screen form (e.g. if using a tablet PC)

The survey results are best stored on a computer so that they can easily be analysed. Survey results on a computer allow:

• Data to be quickly and easily queried (filtered)
• Charts to be easily created
• Summary reports to be created

It's important, when selling things, and dealing with cash, to keep track of the numbers involved.

A computer spreadsheet is an good way to record which items you have sold, and also to perform calculations on the data (calculate totals, averages, etc.).

A typical sales spreadsheet might contain the following columns:

• Item code
• Item description
• Item cost
• Number sold
• Total cost
• Profit made

A school would typically keep data on student academic performance in a computerised database. This would allow the school to easily track how students were doing as the year progressed, as well as making the creation of printed reports very easy (compared to hand writing every report)

A typical school report database might contain:

• Student ID
• Name
• Tutor group
• Grades for Term 1
• Attendance for Term 1
• Comments by teachers for Term 1
• Grades for Term 2
• Etc.

Most database programs allow data to be presented in attractively design reports that can include headers and footers, school logos, etc.

(For a full discussion of school databases, see the School Management Systems page)

Even a small library, such as the one in a school, needs to keep track of which books are available, and who has borrowed any of them.

A typical school library system would store the following information: